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E. First People and the Fur Traders
From HCO Jr
| Part 2. Explorers of Canada → A. Early Exploration → B. Contact and Conquest → C. First Explorers →D. Cartier & Champlain →E. The Fur Traders → E. Later Explorers |
| First People & Fur Traders - Gallery | Stories & Texts | Web Links | Vocab | Student Activities | Class Projects |
How First Nations People Helped the Fur Traders
Contents |
First Nations people were very important for later explorers. When Europeans travelled further west or north they entered lands they knew nothing about. They needed First Nations to guide them along the rivers and paths.
Explorers also needed First Nations to teach them how to survive. The environment around the St. Lawrence and in Huronia is very different than the environment in western and northern Canada. First Nations knew how to adapt to these environments. They taught explorers and fur traders how to find food and shelter.
Early English traders had no experience in Canada. They were similar to the first French explorers who started trading on the St. Lawrence River in the early 1600s. English traders relied on the First Nations to teach them just as the early French traders did. They learned how to make snow shoes, tobaggans and sleds to travel in the winter. Traders also learned how to make and repair their own canoes.
First Nations women played a very important role in the exploration of Canada, and the western fur trade. They married French and English fur traders. This gave the traders a lot of support when they were in the west or north. Their wife's family would only trade with their new son-in-law. Marriage created strong bonds between certain First Nations families and the traders.
Having a First Nations wife was very useful for other reasons. She knew how to make warm winter clothing for her husband, and mended clothes when they became torn. She hunted and fished to supply her husband with food.
Some First Nations started living close to the trading posts throughout the entire year. These are called the homeguard First Nations. They were almost like employees of the HBC. Homeguard Cree, for example, caught fish for the traders, hunted geese and supplied the traders with food. Women helped prepare furs, and performed other functions around the trading post. In return they received European goods.
Exploration of Canada's west and north was almost impossible without the help of the First Nations. They knew how to live in the harsh environment of the north. For First Nations people this was their home. To the English and French it was a wilderness. First Nations saw the environment differently because they knew how to live, survive and be happy in this part of Canada. They passed some of this knowledge on to the traders.
Creating the Hudson's Bay Company
Europeans did not explore Canada's north until the creation of the Hudson's Bay Company (HBC) in 1670. Some French explorers did travel into northern Ontario and Quebec, but never as far as the arctic. This changed with the HBC
Two French fur traders created the HBC:
At first they asked the French King to support their plan. He refused to. Fur traders in Montreal and Quebec thought that fur trading posts in the north would keep furs away from them. First Nations would not want to make the long trip south to Montreal or Quebec to trade any longer if they could trade closer to hom.
In 1665 Groseilliers and Radisson travelled to England to ask Prince Rupert, cousin of King Charles II, to support their plan. Rupert convinced his uncle, King Charles II, and rich noblemen and London merchants to invest in the plan.
In 1668 two ships, the Eaglet and the Nonsuch, left for Hudsons Bay. Two years later, in 1670, King Charles II gave the HBC (also called the Company of Adventurers) a royal charter. This Charter gave the HBC was control over all lands whose rivers and streams drain into Hudson Bay.
This area is known today as the Hudson Bay Drainage Basin. King Charles II did not know how large this area is. It covers approximately 2.4 million square kilometers.
The HBC is the oldest company in Canada. Over two hundred years its forts covered an area far greater than its original charter. Eventually it had forts in southern Saskatchewan and Alberta. It had forts in British Columbia and the arctic. It also had forts in central Ontario, Quebec and parts of the United States.
Some of its fur traders explored and mapped large areas of Canada. At first, however, the HBC explored very little. As you will read below, English fur traders worried that too much exploration might actually harm them.
English vs. French Fur Traders
English fur traders followed very different rules compared to French fur traders. French traders lived with the First Nations. They often had an Aboriginal wife and children. For example, a French fur trader might marry the daughter of an important Anishinabe man. This created a close bond between that family and the trader.
French fur traders sometimes lived with their Aboriginal wife and family through the winter, and returned to Montreal or Quebec in the spring. They learned to speak different First Nations' languages. French fur traders also learned First Nations customs and cultures. They became very good at both trading and convincing First Nations to trade with the French.
English fur traders rarely left the fur trading post. Fort managers and HBC directors (i.e.: the men who owned the HBC) were afraid the men would become too much like the First Nations. They did not want them to give up their religion and English way of life.
For a while this worked well. Only English traders were in the far north. Once French fur traders began to explore into the north and west this policy no longer worked. They set up posts on the rivers First Nations used to travel to Hudsons Bay.
First Nations people started trading with the French because their trading posts were closer. French traders also offered better prices for furs.
When the HBC learned about this it realized it had to send men into the interior. English fur traders worried that the First Nations would stop travelling to Hudsons Bay altogether. Very slowly the HBC started sending men to explore the interior. At first they only tried to convince First Nations to travel to Hudsons Bay. When it became clear this would not work the HBC started building trading posts in the interior.
Henry Kelsey
In 1684 a teenaged boy travelled to a small fur trading post on Hudson Bay called York Fort. His name was Henry Kelsey, and he was 17 years old.
Historians know very little about Kelsey and his life in England. We do know that his family did not have very much money. Perhaps he joined the HBC because he needed work. When someone took a job with the HBC they signed a four year contract. Kelsey could not leave Canada until his contract ended.
Kelsey arrived the same year the first York Fort was built. It had only a few log buildings, and a log wall around it. It was a dangerous fort to work at. French soldiers attacked it more than once.
What was Kelsey's life like at York Fort? We are not sure. We know he worked very hard just like all the other men there. They had to find wood for fires, repair the buildings, fix tools, and trade and store furs brought by the Cree. Life at a fur trading post was very hard. There was always work to do.
He does not appear very often in the journal or letters written by the fort manager. In 1688 the fort manager made the first reference to Kelsey. He wrote that Kelsey was:
- a very active lad [who] delighted much in the Indians Company, being never better pleased then when he is travelling amongst them.
Kelsey seemed to enjoy his life at York Fort, and being with the First Nations who traded at York Fort. In 1689 Kelsey was sent to take letters from York Fort to fur traders working at New Severn Post. Kelsey was now 22 years old. He left with a Cree trapper who was the same age. Kelsey and his guide walked 220 kms one way to bring the letters!
Kelsey's First Exploration
Perhaps the fort manager was impressed by Kelsey. In 1689 he sent Kelsey with an expedition north to the Churchill River. Kelsey was not the leader of this expedition. He sailed with a man named Captain James Young on a small boat called the Hopewell north past the mouth of the Churchill River.
This expedition was sent to encourage the Cree who lived north of York Fort to trade with the English.
It was a hard voyage. The Hopewell did not travel far before it was stopped by Ice (even though it was June). Kelsey volunteered to walk inland with a guide to explore. Kelsey and his guide walked over 200 kms into the interior. Kelsey did not find very much. He saw musk-oxen, and the remains of some Cree camps. Eventually he turned and walked back to the coast. Then he had to walk another 148 kms south to the mouth of the Churchill River.
Henry Kelsey did not have much success with his first attempt at exploring. However, the fort manager had a very good opinion of the young man. He soon sent Henry on a much longer and more important trip.
Kelsey's Second Exploration
Kelsey went exploring again in June, 1690. This is his most famous trip. Kelsey travelled south to Lake Winnipeg and even further on to the prairies. Kelsey's mission was to explore, and encourage First Nations to travel to York Fort to trade. Kelsey brought examples of the trade good available at York Fort: muskets, tobacco, brass kettles and pots, blankets, and hatchets. He hoped this would convince the First Nations to travel to York Fort each spring to trade.
Kelsey's journal of his trip is very interesting. He wrote all of his journal entries like poems. He tried to rhyme words. This is an example from his journal:
- I set forth as plainly may appear,
- Through God's assistance for to understand
- The natives' language & to see their land.
- And from my masters' interest I did soon,
- Set from the house they twelfth of June.
- Then up the River I with heavy heart
- Did take my way & from all English part.
(Kelsey write this poem more than 300 years ago. You can read another poem about his trip to the Prairies and see a picture of the original paper at CanaText)
Kelsey travelled all the way to the Saskatchewan River. He followed it into he arrived in what is today Sasktachewan. Eventually he had to abandon his canoes. He and the First Nations he travelled with walked for three days through swamp and muskeg. Finally he arrived on the prairie grasslands in August, 1691.
Kelsey met with a group of First Nations called the Assiniboine. With them he became the first European to see buffalo and grizzly bears.
Kelsey learned that the Assiniboine were at war with another First Nation (maybe the Sioux who lived to the south). They said they wanted to trade at Hudsons Bay, but could not leave as long as they were at war. Kelsey tried to find a way to make peace between the Assiniboine and the Sioux, but he failed. It was impossible for one man, who was new to the land and the people, to stop a war between two nations.
In July of 1692, Kelsey started his journey back to York Fort with a full load of furs.
Kelsey's Later Life
That was Kelsey's last voyage into the west. Kesley left and rejoined the HBC several times. On a few occassions the French navy attacked and captured York Fort. This forced Kelsey to return to England. Each time England retook the fort Kelsey signed back with the HBC.
Kelsey also wrote a dictionary of different Cree words. One of his jobs at Albany was to teach new boys from England and Scotland how to speak Cree. The HBC guarded the dictionary carefully. If French traders discovered and stole it they could train their own men. Knowing a First Nation language was very important in the fur trade and exploration.
In 1717 Kelsey returned to York Fort as chief trader. In 1718 he became governor of all the HBC's forts on Hudson Bay.
In 1719 and 1721 Kelsey explored north again in search of copper. Neither trip was successful. In 1722 Kelsey was recalled to England. Kelsey was now in his fifties - an old age for this period of time. However, in January 1724 he applied for a job on a HBC sailing ship. It sailed before Kelsey could get the job.
Ten months later, in November 1724, Kelsey died at home. He did not die a rich man despite all of his work for the HBC. He was married with three children. After his death his wife (Elizabeth) asked the HBC to give her a little money every year as a pension. Historians do not know if she received it.
James Knight & Thanadelthur 1713-17
Thanadelthur was one of three Chipewyan Dene woman who were captured by a Cree raiding party in 1713. She escaped, and nearly starved to death. A hunting party from the HBC found Thanadelthur, and took her to York Fort on November 24, 1714.
Thanadelthur told the governor, James Knight, that the unarmed Chipewyan people could not come to Hudson's Bay to trade. Cree warriors stopped the Dene because the Cree wanted to control the fur trade. Since the Cree had guns, and the Dene did not, they could not fight back against the Cree.
Thanadelthur impressed Knight. He could see that she was very intelligent. Knight gave Thanadelthur a job as a translator. She told Knight many stories about her people and the many furs they wanted to trade. Thanadelthur also told Knight about a large copper mine just beyond the Churchill River. Knight soon organized an expedition and assigned clerk William Stuart to lead it beyond Cree territory, guided by Thanadelthur.
On June 27, 1715, William Stuart (a HBC employee), Thanadelthur and 150 Cree left Fort York. The expedition was plagued with sickness and hunger. Most of the Cree returned to their homelands, but the rest of the party continued across the tundra at the edge of the Boreal forest. They reached the vicinity of Great Slave Lake, and found five Chipewyans, killed by Cree.
Thanadelthur convinced her group to wait ten days while she went in look of more Dene people. She returned ten days later with them to wait ten days while she, alone, went to get the rest of the Chipewyan. She came back at the last minute with more than 100 Chipewyan willing to secure peace with the Cree and trade with the English. She managed to bring peace between the sides by a long and hard negotiation.
Thanadelthur and Stuart returned to York Fort with 10 Cree and 10 Chipewyan on May 7, 1716, after nearly 11 months. Stuart told Knight that Thanadelthur's help was very important. Without her the expedition would have failed.
Thanadelthur remained at York Factory as a mediator, and helped Knight plan future expeditions. She fell ill and died on February 7, 1717. As Knight said of her: "She was one of a very high Spirit and of the Firmest Resolution that every I see in any Body in my Days and of great Courage."
Henday Visits the Blackfoot in Alberta
When French fur traders such as La Vérendrye began to explore the western Canada, the Hudson's Bay Company had to build more posts in the interior. French explorers were also fur traders. They built fur trading posts on rivers to intercept First Nations travelling to Hudsons Bay. First Nations stopped to trade with French traders because they were closer. This saved First Nations weeks of travelling to Hudsons Bay and back to their own territory.
Anthony Henday volunteered in 1754 to travel into the interior and find the Blackfoot (Siksika). Henday was told to trade with them, and convince them to come to York Fort every spring to trade. Post managers did not want the Siksika to trade with the French. Hopefully Henday would convince them to only trade with the English.
Henday discovered French traders were already on the Saskatchewan River. As Henday's party approached the river other First Nations they met warned them of the French traders. Henday worried the French might not let him pass, but would force him to turn and go back to York Fort.
On July 22, 1754 Henday's group arrived at the French post (near the present day town of The Pas, Manitoba). The French traders threatened to seize Henday and send him to France. Conawapa protected Henday. Conawapa's group of Cree were well-armed. The French traders did not want to chance a battle with the Cree. They allowed Henday to continue on his voyage to the Siksika.
The party then continued along the Battle River valley by foot, and on September 6, 1754, met a group of Eagle Indians, an Assiniboine band who had never traded with white men.
Henday also saw the great buffalo herds the covered the Canadian and American prairies. These herds were enormous. A single herd could contain over 1 million buffalo. One herd Henday encountered on September 15, 1754 was so large that he and his group had to walk around it. The buffalo were so close together it was too dangerous to walk through them.
By October 14, 1754 Henday was close to the present day town of Red Deer, Alberta. Finally he located a camp of Siksika people. It was a large buffalo hunting camp. There were over 200 teepees in this camp. The chief's teepee was very large. Henday said 50 people could sit inside it. When Henday arrived he and his group were invited in by the chief. Twenty elders also attended the meeting with Henday.
Henday tried to covince to come to York Fort to trade. However, the chief was not easily convinced. He told Henday that the journey to the fort was too far for his people (16 weeks one way). Travelling that far meant they would not be able to hunt buffalo. Without buffalo meat, hides and other products his people would suffer. Henday was unsuccessful. The Siksika would not come to trade at York Fort.
Henday hoped that promises of European guns, axes, knives, metal good, blankets and other things would convicne the chief. Henday was wrong. First Nations certainly liked these goods, but they would not suffer to get them. They had to live their own lives, and take care of themselves. Buffalo were more important to the Siksika at this time than trading with the HBC.
The next day Henday met the chief again. Henday asked if some of the young Siksika men could travel back to York Fort with him. The chief knew Henday wanted Siksika to travel to York Fort, and return to tell the band of all the trade goods. The chief refused to let any men travel with Henday. He said his tribe got all they needed from the buffalo.
The chief had also heard that the people who went down to the settlements on the bay often starved on the journey. Henday wrote in his journal that the chief was very knowledgable about travel. Henday himself came close to starving on his trip into the west.
Henday spent the winter in southern Alberta. In April, when the ice was leaving the rivers, he travelled to the North Saskatchewan River for his journey back to York Fort. He returned with a group of 60 canoes made up of Cree and Assiniboine.
Henday learned firsthand how effective French traders were. When his group arrived at the French post of Fort Saint-Louis the traders came out. Henday said that the French traders spoke several different First Nations languages almost perfectly. They offered good prices for the furs. By the time Henday left the French purchased 1000 furs from his group.
On June 23, 1755, Henday's journey ended at York. He had been farther into the western interior than any other European. He made valuable discoveries about the Siksika and other First Nations. He also learned that the French traders posed a serious threat to the HBC. In some ways, however, his trip was a failure. The Siksia refused to travel to York Fort to trade.
Henday returned to England in 1762. Despite his efforts the HBC still refused to build forts in the interior. It would be a few more years before English traders would do this.
The Voyages of Samuel Hearne
On July 1, 1767, a 24 year old London born HBC fur trader named Samuel Hearne carved his name on a boulder at Sloop Cove near Fort Prince of Wales, Churchill, Manitoba. While it was perhaps the earliest example of Canadian graffiti, Hearne was destined for greater things. He had another skill useful to his Hudson's Bay Company masters - he was a surveyor.
Hearne lived a hard life before joing the HBC. At age 11 he joined Britain's Royal Navy. He had no choice. His father died when he was only 3 years old. His mother could not afford to keep him at home. Hearne went to school for a few years then signed up for the Navy in 1756. The ship Hearne served on took part in battles during the Seven Years War (1756-1763).
Hearne left the Navy at the end of the war. He joined the HBC in 1766. At first Hearne worked on a HBC sloop (a small sailing ship) called the Churchill. In 1768 he started working on a HBC whaling ship.
Hearne and Northern Exploration
In 1769 Hearne switched jobs, and started to work on land at the fur trading posts. That same year he undertook his first exploration into the interior. HBC directors (the men who owned the company) heard rumours of copper mines in the arctic. Two First Nations men explored the arctic for the HBC, and said they found copper mines near a river (which the HBC called the Coppermine River) Copper was valuable. If the HBC found these mines it would produce profit.
Hearned travelled into the interior to find these mines in 1769. He also looked for a route across the barren lands. Hearne hoped to be in the arctic for two years. Five weeks later he was back at Fort Churchill (also known as Prince of Wales Fort). His Native guides did not know the territory well, and abandoned Hearne who travelled back to Fort Churchill alone.
The following year, on February 23, he set out on a second expedition over the Barrens with a guide named Conneequese to find the headwaters of the Coppermine River. They reached as far as Dubawnt Lake, about 640 km from Coppermine on August 12, but were forced to turn back. Conneequese did not know the territory well. He and Hearne became lost. They encountered some Native men who robbed them of supplies. Eventually Hearn's quadrant broke. They returned to Churchill.
Hearne's Third Expedition
Hearne and his party found very little food. He learned that the only way to travel in the north is to follow caribou and musk-ox herds. There was very little game for he and his men to hunt without these herds. Sometimes they became so hungry that it hurt when they finally ate some food.
At one point the men with Hearne attacked a band of Inuit camping on the shores of the Coppermine River. Hearne refused to take part in the attack. All of the Inuit were killed by the Cree. A young Inuit girl was killed right before Hearne. Later in his life Hearne said that he could not think about that horrible day without crying. Today the location is called Bloody Falls because of this event.
Hearne and his men journeyed back to Churchill. They crossed Great Slave Lake. Hearne travelled so far and fast that his feet suffered: all of his toenails fell off. Finally, on June 30, 1772, he arrived back at Fort Churchill. His expedition lasted almost 19 months.
His trip was not very succesful. Hearne discovered that there was very little copper. Hearne did discover that there was no easy water route across the barren grounds. This was important for the HBC. It meant they would not spend any further time or money trying to find a water route.
Exploring the Saskatchewan River
Two years later Hearne set off on another journey to a spot on the Sasktachewan River. Kelsey had already explored the Saskatchewan River before. Kelsey met only First Nations people there. By the 1770s the area was very different. French fur traders from as far away as Montreal were there and on Lake Winnipeg trading with the Assiniboine.
To counter these Montreal traders the HBC sent Hearne to a spot on the Saskatchewan River to start a new fur trading post. This would be the HBC's first inland trading post. On 23 June 1774 Hearne, eight English workers, and two Cree guides left to create the new post.
He arrived at Pine Island Lake in Saskatchewan. Hearne consulted with local Assiniboine chiefs to find the best location for his new post. Using their advice he built Cumberland House. Today it is the oldest permanent European settlement west of Ontario.
The first winter was very difficult. Hearne's experience in the arctic helped a great deal. He knew how to live off the land, and he knew what winter was like in a new post far from help and support.
Cumberland House was very important. Within a short period of time the HBC started building other inland posts. For example, in 1795, the Hudson Bay Company built Edmonton House on the North Saskatchewan River. As these posts spread west and north of Hudson Bay it allowed English traders and explorers to travel further into the interior. Over time traders went as far as the Rocky Mountains and the Pacific Ocean.
It also started many years of competition with French fur traders. After England conquered New France in 1763 English business people purchased French fur trading companies in Montreal. Eventually one big company emerged, the North-West Company (NWC). NWC traders travelled west and occupied all the posts French fur traders ran previously.
This competition led the HBC and the NWC to explore as quickly as possible. Each company wanted to build posts in new areas and control the fur trade in that area. Eventually hundreds of fur trading posts were all across Canada's west and north.
French Exploration: La Vérendrye
Hudson's Bay Company traders travelled west because French fur traders were building fur trading posts and exploring Lake Winnipeg and the Saskatchewan River. Their exploration and trading hurt the HBC fur trade.
By the time the HBC built trading posts in the interior the French fur trading companies had been taken over by English business people. Before that happened, however, French traders explored the Canadian west and built a system of forts. When Britain conquered New France, English business people bought French fur trading companies. They used the forts built by the French. They also hired back French fur traders to work for them.
One French trader/explorer in particular helped the French expand into western Canada: Pierre Gaultier de Varennes et de la Vérendrye. La Vérendrye explored the lands west of Lake Superior as far as Lake Winnipeg.
His First Westward Exploration
Why did La Vérendrye want to explore west? There were two very simple reasons. First, he did not have a great deal of money. La Vérendrye started his career in the French military. French officers were not paid very much money. When he left the military he tried to make money as a farmer and fur trader. La Vérendrye was not very successful.
In 1726 La Vérendrye's brother was given command of what was called the poste du nord (northern posts). He made La Vérendrye second in command. When the brother left to fight in the French military La Vérendrye took over.
La Vérendrye also hoped to make a good profit from the fur trade. French fur traders knew that the Cree north of Lake Winnipeg were bringing furs to the HBC. La Vérendrye hoped to get these furs first, and harm the English fur traders.
La Vérendrye questioned First Nations (Anishinabe and Sioux) who traded at Kaministiquia. They told him of a large lake called Ouinipigon (Winnipeg). La Vérendrye hoped that this lake would connect to rivers that led to the Pacific Ocean.
With backing from the French Crown and private business people in Quebec and Montreal, La Vérendrye sent men west of Lake Superior to build posts. He wanted to build eight posts in total that would link Lake Superior with Lake Winnipeg. The first one was built on Rainy Lake in autumn 1731 (Fort Saint-Pierre). By the spring of 1732 he had a post at Lake of the Woods near the Ontario-Manitoba border (Fort Saint-Charles).
In 1733 the fur traders at Lake of the Woods reported to La Vérendrye that there was a lot of rain in the area. They thought this was a good sign: it might mean they were close to the Pacific Ocean since coastal areas in Europe received a lot of rain.
War and Western Exploration
When La Vérendrye began to explore northwestern Ontario and Manitoba he discovered that many First Nations in this region were at war. The Assiniboine , Nishnabi-Aski (Cree) and another First Nation called the Monsoni were at war with the Sioux and Anishinabe. It made it very difficult for La Vérendrye to create posts and explore. If he built a post that helped the Assiniboine he would anger the Anishinabe. The might attack the post and kill the traders there.
La Vérendrye made the Sioux angry with this decision. In June, 1736, La Vérendrye sent a group of almost twenty men to other French trading posts to get supplies. They were attacked and killed by Sioux warriors who wanted revenge for the Cree attack in 1734. One of La Vérendrye's sons was also killed in that attack.
La Vérendrye's Accomplishments
La Vérendrye learned a great deal about Lake Winnipeg and Lake Winnipegosis, and the rivers that are part of the Manitoba lake system such as the Saskatchewan River. His exploration and expansion of the fur trade allowed French traders to travel further into western Canada than in the past. La Vérendrye even travelled into North Dakota where he met a First Nation group called the Mandan.
La Vérendrye died in 1749 in Montreal. He travelled to Montreal and Quebec many times to find funding for his exploring and trading.
Conclusions
Many Europeans explored Canada's west and north in the 1600s and 1700s. They travelled to lands and regions that were new to them. They met First Nations with different cultures and languages. To explore into a new world would have been very exciting.
It was also very dangerous. Starvation, cold weather, warfare and accidents could kill an explorer very quickly. They relied on First Nations a great deal to help them. Without the aid of First Nations people many of these explorers would not have been successful.
As explorers entered new land they brought the fur trade with them. First Nations that did not trade directly with the HBC or French fur traders could now travel to a fur trading post. As this happened the lives of First Nations slowly began to change. They were able to get more metal knives, hatchets and cooking tools.
| First People & Fur Traders - Gallery | Stories & Texts | Web Links | Vocab | Student Activities | Class Projects |
| Part 2. Explorers of Canada → A. Early Exploration → B. Contact and Conquest → C. First Explorers →D. Cartier & Champlain →E. The Fur Traders → E. Later Explorers |
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